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Burkina Faso and the New Sahelian Era/ Burkina Faso e a Nova Era Saheliana

Posted on May 17, 2025May 22, 2025 by Boaventura Monjane

By Boaventura Monjane (CASAS’ member), associate researcher at the Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies (PLAAS), University of the Western Cape and co-founding member and Executive Director of Alternactiva (Acção Pela Emancipação Social). boa.monjane@gmail.com

** English version- Portuguese below**

Between January and February of this year, I visited West Africa, dividing my time between Dakar and Bamako, while also traveling through peri-urban and rural areas in Casamance (Senegal) and Sélingué (Mali). During this visit, I had the opportunity to engage in dialogue with social movement leaders, progressive intellectuals, activists, and people with various links to the current governments, including critical voices of the new administrations. This article aims to clarify what is happening in Burkina Faso and the Sahel, and to contribute to a more informed and contextualized debate.

The usual starting point for discrediting the processes in Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger has been to classify these developments as “military coups,” assuming that any rupture with the liberal-electoral order automatically equates to regression. This view ignores the popular support that current regimes enjoy. In Burkina Faso, Captain Ibrahim Traoré is supported by an impressive percentage of the population, according to surveys and independent observations. This has even been reported and acknowledged by the BBC.[1]

In the broader Sahel region, a profound political transformation is underway. Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger have each experienced breakaways from civilian regimes considered corrupt, ineffective in the face of terrorism, and subservient to foreign—especially French—interests. What began as isolated national crises has evolved into a coordinated regional agenda centered on sovereignty, dignity, and the post-colonial reconfiguration of the state.

Under Colonel Assimi Goïta’s leadership, Mali expelled French military forces, shut down Western-affiliated NGOs, and terminated agreements with ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States). In January 2024, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger formally announced their withdrawal from ECOWAS, denouncing its alignment with Western interests and its failure to represent the peoples of the Sahel.

As an alternative, the three countries established the Alliance of Sahel States (AES), a political and security cooperation platform independent of Western influence. The AES has taken sovereign steps such as issuing joint passports, proposing a common currency, and asserting local control over natural resources. These initiatives have been well received by large segments of the population.

The dynamics of the AES gain special significance when analyzed in light of Françafrique, the informal system of French control over its former African colonies through comprador elites, military bases, monetary dependency (notably via the CFA Franc), and networks of economic influence. Françafrique has perpetuated dependency and submission in many African countries, hindering true self-determination.

The Burkinabè Revolution

In Burkina Faso, since Traoré assumed power in September 2022, a Transitional Legislative Assembly was established in October of the same year, integrating not only old-guard political parties, but also representatives from trade unions, peasant organizations, the civil service, as well as women’s groups and organizations representing people with disabilities. This assembly functions regularly.

The state remains operational, courts are functioning normally, and the administrative apparatus is working effectively. The Armed Forces have been reequipped, and the population has been cooperating in territorial defense. Since Traoré took power, approximately 60% of the territory is now under effective control in the fight against terrorism, and over 70% of internally displaced people have returned to their home areas.

According to a leader of FENOP (Fédération Nationale des Organisations Paysannes – National Federation of Peasant Organizations), with whom I regularly discuss the country’s political process, the National Agricultural Offensive introduced by the government is reinforcing food sovereignty through the provision of inputs, machinery, and technical support—something never before seen in this sector. There is growing investment in agroecology, and ongoing investments in local value chains for crops such as sorghum, maize, cocoa, and coffee. Storage and agro-processing infrastructures are also being built.

The health sector has been strengthened with new surgical-capable centers, mobile units, and equipment for chronic disease treatment. In terms of infrastructure, roads, airstrips, and support centers for youth and women are being built.

Burkina Faso’s foreign relations indicate a pragmatic repositioning, oriented toward new partners such as Russia, Turkey, and Asian countries, and moving away from French tutelage and Western multilateral agencies. Burkina Faso may not be following the “democratic manual” prescribed by Brussels or Paris, but it is writing its own story.

It is important that, when discussing Burkina Faso and the Sahel, analysts and observers do not limit themselves to conventional frameworks of liberal “democratic governance.” The ongoing transformations challenge dominant orthodoxy, but they cannot be ignored or dismissed as mere authoritarian deviations. There is, in fact, a popular revolution underway, focused on sovereignty, social justice, and the reorganization of the state.

This does not mean, however, that the region—and Burkina Faso in particular—is a paradise. Challenges persist, as do forms of sabotage; the French empire is attempting to retaliate, and there are also opposition groups to Traoré within the country, including among civilians, which is natural—no regime enjoys 100% support. Could this revolution fail? Yes, if Traoré is betrayed, just as Thomas Sankara—his inspiration—was. But its success will also depend on how neighboring countries mobilize and position themselves, including those that continue to condemn the Sahelian process and, ultimately, the African Union itself.

It is up to us to accompany this process with attentive listening, analytical humility, and critical solidarity.

[1] https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c62zyqn45dno


**Portuguese version**

Burkina Faso e a Nova Era Saheliana

Boaventura Monjane

Entre Janeiro e Fevereiro deste ano visitei a África Ocidental, dividindo o meu tempo entre Dakar e Bamako, mas também percorrendo zonas periurbanas e rurais em Casamansa (Senegal) e Sélingué (Mali). Ao longo desta visita, tive a oportunidade de dialogar com dirigentes de movimentos sociais, intelectuais progressistas, activistas, e pessoas com vínculos diversos aos governos em funções, incluindo vozes críticas às novas administrações. Este artigo propõe-se a clarificar o que está em curso no Burkina Faso e no Sahel, e a contribuir para um debate mais informado e contextualizado.

O ponto de partida habitual para descredibilizar os processos em Burkina Faso, Mali e Niger tem sido a classificação dos acontecimentos como “golpes militares”, assumindo que qualquer ruptura com a ordem liberal-eleitoral equivalha automaticamente a retrocesso. Esta leitura ignora o apoio popular de que gozam os actuais regimes. Em Burkina Faso, o Capitão Ibrahim Traoré é apoiado por uma percentagem impressionante da população, segundo inquéritos e observações independentes. Isto foi noticiado e reconhecida até pela BBC[1].

Na região mais ampla do Sahel, está em curso uma transformação política profunda. Mali, Burkina Faso e Niger experimentaram rupturas sucessivas com regimes civis considerados corruptos, ineficazes face ao terrorismo e subservientes a interesses estrangeiros, nomeadamente franceses. O que começou como crises nacionais isoladas evoluiu para uma agenda regional coordenada, centrada na soberania, na dignidade e na reconfiguração pós-colonial dos Estados.

Sob a liderança do coronel Assimi Goïta, o Mali expulsou forças militares francesas, encerrou ONGs ligadas ao Ocidente e denunciou acordos com a CEDEAO (Comunidade Económica dos Estados da África Ocidental). Em Janeiro de 2024, Mali, Burkina Faso e Niger anunciaram formalmente a sua retirada da CEDEAO, denunciando o seu alinhamento com interesses ocidentais e a sua incapacidade de representar os povos sahelianos.

Em alternativa, os três países fundaram a Aliança dos Estados do Sahel (AES), uma plataforma de cooperação política e de segurança independente da órbita ocidental. A AES tem tomado medidas de soberania como a emissão de passaportes conjuntos, propostas para uma moeda comum e a afirmação do controlo local sobre recursos naturais. Estas iniciativas têm sido bem recebidas por largas camadas da população.

A dinâmica da AES ganha especial relevo quando analisada à luz da “Françafrique”, o sistema informal de controlo francês sobre os seus ex-territórios africanos, através de elites compradoras, bases militares, dependência monetária (nomeadamente via o Franco CFA) e redes de influência económica. A Françafrique perpetuou a dependência e a submissão de muitos países africanos, dificultando a verdadeira autodeterminação.

A revolução burquinabê

No Burkina Faso, desde que Traoré assumiu o poder em Setembro de 2022, foi constituída uma Assembleia Legislativa de Transição, criada em Outubro do mesmo ano, que integra representantes não apenas dos partidos políticos da velha guarda, mas também de sindicatos, organizações camponesas, da função pública, bem como de organizações de mulheres e de pessoas com deficiência, funcionando de forma regular.

O Estado continua funcional, os tribunais operam normalmente, e o aparelho administrativo mantém-se com eficácia. As Forças Armadas foram reequipadas, e a população tem colaborado na defesa territorial. Desde que Traoré assumiu o poder, no que respeita à luta contra o terrorismo, cerca de 60% do território encontra-se actualmente sob controlo efectivo, e mais de 70% dos deslocados internos já regressaram às suas zonas de origem.

De acordo com um líder da FENOP (Fédération Nationale des Organisations Paysannes – Federação Nacional das Organizações Camponesas), com quem converso regularmente sobre o processo político do país, no plano económico, a Ofensiva Agrícola Nacional introduzida por está a reforçar a soberania alimentar, através do fornecimento de insumos, maquinaria e apoio técnico — algo nunca antes visto neste sector. Há uma aposta crescente na agroecologia, e estão em curso investimentos em cadeias de valor locais para culturas como o sorgo, milho, cacau e café. Estão também a ser construídas infra-estruturas de armazém e transformação agroalimentar.

O sector da saúde tem sido reforçado com novos centros com capacidade cirúrgica, unidades móveis, e equipamentos para o tratamento de doenças crónicas. Em termos de infra-estruturas, estão a ser construídas estradas, aeródromos e centros de apoio à juventude e às mulheres.

As relações externas de Burkina Faso indicam um reposicionamento pragmático, virado para novos parceiros como a Rússia, Turquia e países asiáticos, afastando-se da tutela francesa e das agências multilaterais ocidentais. Burkina Faso pode não estar a seguir o “manual democrático” prescrito por Bruxelas ou Paris, mas está a escrever a sua própria história.

É importante que, ao discutir Burkina Faso e o Sahel, os analistas e observadores não se limitem aos quadros convencionais da “governação democrática” liberal. As transformações em curso desafiam a ortodoxia dominante, mas não podem ser ignoradas ou descartadas como meros desvios autoritários. Há, de facto, uma revolução popular em curso, com foco em soberania, justiça social e reorganização do Estado.

Isto não significa, contudo, que a região — e o Burkina Faso em particular — seja um paraíso. Persistem desafios, bem como boicotes; o império francês tenta reagir, e existem também, no interior do país, grupos opositores a Traoré, inclusive entre a população civil, o que é natural, pois nenhum regime conta com o apoio de 100% da população. Poderá esta revolução falhar? Poderá, caso Traoré venha a ser traído, tal como o foi Thomas Sankara, em quem Traoré se inspira. Mas o seu sucesso dependerá igualmente da forma como os países vizinhos se mobilizam e se posicionam, incluindo aqueles que continuam a condenar o processo saheliano e, em última instância, a própria União Africana.

A nós, cabe-nos acompanhar este processo com escuta atenta, humildade analítica e solidariedade crítica.

[1] https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c62zyqn45dno

___

Boaventura Monjane é investigador associado no Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies (PLAAS), University of the Western Cape. Membro co-fundador e Director Executivo da Alternactiva – Acção Pela Emancipação Social. boa.monjane@gmail.com

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Boaventura Monjane

Boaventura Monjane is a post-doctoral researcher at the Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies at the University of the Western Cape (working with Professor Ruth Hall). He is a fellow at the International Research Group on Authoritarianism and Counter-strategies of the Rosa Luxemburg Foundation. His PhD thesis (Centre for Social Studies, University of Coimbra) is about the agency of Agrarian Movements and their political response to Agrarian Neoliberalism in Southern Africa. His areas of interest include agrarian social movements, rural politics, agroecology, food sovereignty and climate justice.

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